I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.

–John Brown at his execution (November 2, 1859)

Viewed through history as a lunatic, psychotic, fanatic, visionary, and martyr, Brown came from a New England abolitionist family, several of whom were quite insane. A failure in most of his undertakings, he had gone to Kansas –then in the midst of a mini Civil War over slavery– in 1855 with five of his twenty-two children to fight for the antislavery cause, and gained notoriety for an attack that left five pro-slavery settlers hacked to pieces.

After that massacre at Pottawatomie,Kansas, Brown went into hiding, but he had cultivated wealthy New England friends who believed in his violent rhetoric. A group known as the Secret Six formed to fund Brown’s audacious plan to march south, arm the slaves who would flock to his crusade, and establish a black republic in the Appalachians to wage war against the slaveholding South. Brown may have been crazy, but he was not without a sense of humor. When President Buchanan put a price of $250 on his head, Brown responded with a bounty of $20.50 on Buchanan’s.

Among the people Brown confided in was Frederick Douglass; Brown saw Douglass as the man slaves would flock to, a “hive for the bees.” But the country’s most famous abolitionist attempted to dissuade Brown, not because he disagreed with violence but because he thought Brown’s chosen target was suicidal. Few volunteers answered Brown’s call to arms, although Harriet Tubman signed on with Brown’s little band. She fell sick, however, and was unable to join the raid.

On October 16, 1859, Brown, with three of his sons and fifteen followers, white and black, attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, on the Potomac River not far from Washington, D.C. Taking several hostages, including one descendant of George Washington, Brown’s brigade occupied the arsenal. But no slaves came forward to join them. The local militia was able to bottle Brown up inside the building until federal marines under Colonel Robert E. Lee and J. E. B. Stuart arrived and captured Brown and the eight men who had survived the assault.

Within six weeks Brown was indicted, tried, convicted, and hanged by the state of Virginia, with the full approval of President Buchanan. But during the period of his captivity and trial, this wild-eyed fanatic underwent a transformation of sorts, becoming a forceful and eloquent spokesman for the cause of abolition.

While disavowing violence and condemning Brown, many in the North came to the conclusion that he was a martyr in a just cause. Even peaceable abolitionists who eschewed violence, such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, overlooked Brown’s homicidal tendencies and glorified him. Thoreau likened Brown to Christ; Emerson wrote that Brown’s hanging would “make the gallows as glorious as the cross.”

The view in the South, of course, was far different. Fear of slave insurrection still ran deep. To southern minds, John Brown represented Yankee interference in their way of life taken to its extreme. Even conciliatory voices in the South turned furious in the face of the seeming beatification of Brown. When northerners began to glorify Brown while disavowing his tactics, it was one more blow forcing the wedge deeper and deeper between North and South.

This material is adapted from Don’t Know Much About History. More information about Brown and his role in the conflict that led to the Civil War can be found in Don’t Know Much About the Civil War.

Revised, updated and expanded edition scheduled for release in June 2011.

The paperback edition has been released with a new cover to mark the 150th anniversary of the Civil war.

When: On September 18, 1890, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which allowed slave owners to reclaim slaves who had escaped to other states.

Why: The Fugitive Slave Act was part of a larger “Compromise of 1850,” intended to settle the question of extending slavery into new territories and avoid breaking apart the Union. (Guess what? It didn’t work.)

What: Under the law, aid to escaping slaves became a federal offense. A bounty system was created that opened the way for “slave catchers” who had free rein to swoop down on entire black families and accuse them of being runaways. The law also created an office of commissioners who decided if a black person was a runaway slave or not. They were paid $10 for every person they returned to slavery but only $5 for every one they determined was a freedman. Guess what they usually decided?

The law immediately hardened the resistance to slavery among the growing number of American abolitionists. Ralph Waldo Emerson called it, “a filthy enactment” and said he would not obey it. In Boston, a fugitive named Shadrach was captured and was going to be returned to the South. But an angry crowd of blacks rescued him and sent him to freedom in Canada. President Millard Fillmore threatened to send in federal troops to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act in Boston.

Frederick Douglass, a former slave turned fiery abolitionist speaker and publisher, said:

The only way to make the Fugitive Slave Law a dead letter is to make a half a dozen or more dead kidnappers. A half dozen more dead kidnappers carried down South would cool the ardor of Southern gentlemen, and keep their rapacity in check….

But the greatest impact of the Act may have been the inspiration it provided to a writer. Outraged by the law, Harriet Beecher Stowe began to write the serialized story that would be published in 1852 as Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A literary sensation, it sold more than a million copies and changed the terms of the debate over slavery in America. During the Civil War, Lincoln met Stowe and said,

So you’re the little lady that made this great war.

You can read more about the Compromise of 1850, The Fugitive Slave Act, Frederick Douglass and Stowe in Don’t Know Much About the Civil War.